Barwar: Life in Dure (1)

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Transcribed by	Source	Speakers
Geoffrey Khan	Khan, Geoffrey. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar. 3 vols. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2008, vol. 3	Dawiḏ ʾAdam

	Transcription	Translation
0:00	yómət xošébət bnàṯaˈ ʾáxni gu-ʾáṯṛət Bàrwərˈ ʾáw mpalṭìwaleˈ ʾax-šèra y-oḏíwaleˈ bnáṯət maṯɛ̀ni.ˈ y-oḏíwa xá ʾax-bràtaˈ qɛ̀saˈ malušíwala jùlle.ˈ y-oḏíwala ʾax-bràta.ˈ ʾu-y-azìwaˈ šaqlìwa,ˈ mən-kùl bɛ́ṯaˈ šaqlíwa rə̀zza,ˈ šaqlíwa qàlya,ˈ šaqlíwa lə̀xma,ˈ mən-kùlla bɛ́ṯə maṯɛ́ni.ˈ y-azìwaˈ tàlga y-áweˈ ṭábʿan y-azíwa rəš-tàlgaˈ tàma.ˈ y-awḏìwaˈ ʾax-xàšša.ˈ xàšša,ˈ ʾɛ́-bratət malušíwala jùlleˈ ṱ-oḏíwala ʾax-kàlo,ˈ ʾàyˈ ʾu-mɛṯàwa.ˈ ʾáy qɛ̀sa-wewaˈ mulušə jùlleˈ ʾìnaˈ wíḏəlla ʾax-bràta.ˈ ga-nablìwala.ˈ ṱ-azíwa xákma ṭḷáṯa ʾárpa gúṛe mə̀nna.ˈ ṱ-áziwa ṭamrìwala.ˈ ṭamríwala gu-ʾùpraˈ ʿal-ʾassā̀sˈ mìtlaˈ xa-bràta.ˈ baxíwala b-duzùṯa.ˈ baxìwala rábaˈ ʾu-y-aṯìwa.ˈ y-aṯíwa m-rəš-baṯ-qòre,ˈ m-réša dìya.ˈ y-aṯìwaˈ y-oḏìwaˈ ʾixàla.ˈ bašlíwa rə̀zza.ˈ bašlíwa šòrba.ˈ ʾu-y-atwíwa y-axlìwa.ˈ báṯər y-axlìwa,ˈ qɛmíwa mṭalìwa,ˈ raqḏìwa,ˈ zamrìwa.ˈ ʾíṯwa ṭawalyáṯa rábe ràbeˈ mṭalìwa.ˈ ʾò yómaˈ kúlle yòmaˈ y-awáwa mṭawòleˈ ʾu-nášət máṯa kùllaˈ síqe mparóje biyèy.ˈ ʾu-ʾap-gúṛe y-azíwa tàmaˈ yále zóre y-azíwa táma mṭawóle ʿal-ʾasā̀sˈ ʾə́dyo xošébət bnàṯɛle.ˈ ʾu-y-amríwa xošébə bnàṯaˈ qə́ṭma b-quṣràṯa.ˈ yáʿni gu-ṣàwma-wawa.ˈ dánət ṣàwma-wawaˈ ʾay-béna y-amrìwaˈ yáʿni mxallèxiˈ b-xálləx quṣariyàṯa.ˈ béna y-amrìwaˈ qə́ṭma b-quṣariyàṯa,ˈ ʾánna qaṣxanyàṯa.ˈ ʾàyyaˈ mšaríwa táma mṭawóle ṭawalyàṯa.ˈ ʾíṯwa ṭawáltət baybùne y-amríwala.ˈ báybi baybùne-uˈ márət raqqùne,ˈ ʾu-míḏən mòdi.ˈ hàtxa y-amríwala.ˈ ʾu-ʾíṯwa ṭawáltət bərràne,ˈ xa-ráqa báṯər d-ò-xena.ˈ ʾíṯwa šwára baràne.ˈ ʾu-kúl-xa tɛ́ra mṭalìwala.ˈ píšla hádəx hàl ʾaṣə́rta.ˈ ʾaṣə́rta dɛrìwaˈ kút-xa y-aṯéwa l-bɛ́ṯe dìye.ˈ ʾu-parpəsìwa.ˈ ʾíṯwa y-amrə́xwa bə̀lbəlawa.ˈ gu-ṣàwmaˈ xaḏríwa bəlbəlàwa,ˈ yáʿni l-bɛ̀ṯa.ˈ bɛ́ṯa bɛ́ṯa ṱ-ázət xaḏrə̀tla.ˈ xákma t-yawílux qàzbe,ˈ xákma t-yawílux màše,ˈ xákma t-yawílux xarṭmàne,ˈ xákma t-yawílux yabìše.ˈ ku-bɛ́ṯa ṱ-àzetiˈ ʾáni t-yawìluxˈ là ṭarḏílux.ˈ t-yawìluxˈ kú-məndi ṱ-ítley t-yáwi ʾə̀llux.ˈ ʾə́sri ṭḷáṯi m-ġḏàḏe,ˈ yále zóre m-ġḏàḏe.ˈ xaḏríwa gu-màṯaˈ ʾɛ́-ga y-amrìwaˈ bəlbəlàwaˈ kut-la-yàwaˈ xaṭórta gàwaˈ ʾɛ-béna mṣarìwala,ˈ májbur pɛšíwa t-yawíwala ʾixála mə́ndi hàle.ˈ tùttunˈ tanə́nnux ʾal-tùttun.ˈ tùttun-žigənˈ zărìwalaˈ ʾánna xaqlàṯaˈ zăríwala kùlla.ˈ ʾawḏíwala zrùta.ˈ báṯər zărìwala,ˈ y-awḏíwala məššàre,ˈ mqasmíwala qa-məššàre.ˈ y-awḏíwa sàdde gáwa.ˈ yáʿni mqasmíwala qa-sàdde.ˈ ʾárba xámša sádde y-atwíwa gu-ḏà-xaqla.ˈ béna y-aṯɛ́wa šə́dlət tùttun.ˈ dɛríwala bar-zắra xa-dùkṯaˈ barèwa.ˈ báṯər barèwa,ˈ pɛšíwa šə̀dle.ˈ ʾan-šə̀dleˈ šalxìwala mən-támaˈ maxɛ́wala gu-məššàra.ˈ məššára dɛrɛ́wa mìya gáwa.ˈ ʾɛ-məššára dɛrɛ́wa míya gáwa díya ta-t-ràkxa.ˈ mɛṯɛ́wale šə̀dla,ˈ xarzìwale,ˈ xarzíle gu-d-ɛ́ məššàra.ˈ yáʿni məššára ríxta taqríban tre-mètre,ˈ trè-metre,ˈ ṭḷà-metre.ˈ mɛṯɛ́wala ʾan-taqyáṯət tùttunˈ ʾəṣrà ʾaqráre.ˈ mattíwala gu-d-ɛ́ məššára xá, tré, ṭḷàṯa.ˈ manɛ́wa hal-ʾə̀ṣra.ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-àyya,ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-yàha,ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-yáha xèta,ˈ hàtxa.ˈ ʾap-šúlət banjáne har-hàdəx ʾawḏíwale.ˈ ʾap-šúlət xiyáre hàdəx ʾawḏíwale.ˈ ʾína gəndóre làʾa.ˈ gəndóre ʾu-šəftíye ʾáni zăríwala hàtxaˈ ʾáp t-la-mìya.ˈ ʾáni zăríwala-w barìwa.ˈ ʾu-šalgə̀mme,ˈ ʾànnaˈ ʾap-šalgə́mme la-ʾawḏíwala məššàre.ˈ kulla-ʾáp-ʾani har-hátxa zărìwalaˈ dɛrɛ́wala bar-zắra hàtxaˈ ʾu-zărìwalɛ,ˈ ʾax-gəndòre.ˈ ʾína banjàneˈ ʾu-pătàte,ˈ ʾu-tùttun,ˈ ʾu-xiyàre,ˈ ʾánna y-awḏíwala kúlla məššàre.ˈ ʾu-maštíwala mìyaˈ pɛšíwala ku-tmànya,ˈ ku-tmánya yománe maštíwala míya ṭla-d-àni,ˈ ṭla-tùttun,ˈ ṭla-banjàne,ˈ ṭla-xiyàre,ˈ ṭla-kúl-xa məndì.ˈ ʾu-túttun ʾímət pɛšáwa gòṛta,ˈ maqərṭìwala.ˈ qăṭìwala.ˈ ʾasṛíwala dàsta,ˈ kút xá xámša ʾə̀šta.ˈ ʾasṛíwala dàsta,ˈ dɛrɛ́wala rəš-ʾən-qɛ̀sa hawéwaˈ hátxa rìxaˈ ʾən-xàwla.ˈ ʾasṛíwala b-qɛ́sa ʾu-m-áy-gota qɛ̀saˈ ʾu-m-áy-gota qɛ̀sa.ˈ xa-xáwla mɛṯɛ̀waleˈ dɛrɛ́wala túttun b-réše dìyeˈ qa-t-bàrza.ˈ báṯər barzáwa tùttun,ˈ qɛ́mi šaqlíwala dɛrɛ́wa rəš-xa-băṭănìya,ˈ parxìwala táza.ˈ ʾan-qɛ́sət tùttunˈ ʾáni kùllaˈ zadìwala.ˈ mɛṯíwa ʾərbàla,ˈ saràda,ˈ xzí mo-bằyət.ˈ qamáye dɛ́rɛwala b-saràda,ˈ baʿdḗn b-ərbàla,ˈ ta-t-pálṭa tùttun.ˈ ʾíṯ pálṭa zùrta.ˈ ʾɛ-zúrta ʾáy zadìwala.ˈ rába zùrta yáʿni,ˈ ʾax-qàmxa pɛšáwa.ˈ ʾáy zadìwala.ˈ ʾína dɛrɛ́wala l-ʾərbàla,ˈ ʾáyyə palṭáwa spày,ˈ ʾáy dɛrɛ́wala gu-gunìya.ˈ dɛrɛ́wala gu-gunìya-wˈ mattíwala tămàha.ˈ kút-dana sanqìwa,ˈ ʾu-šaqlíwa mən-d-ɛ-tùttunˈ ʾu-garšìwa.ˈ dɛrɛ́wala ʾɛ̀ túttunˈ ʾíṯwa kùlley,ˈ ʾíṯwaley kísyáṯa zòre,ˈ šaqláwa xà-kilo.ˈ xá-kilo túttun dɛrɛ́wale gàwa.ˈ ʾíṯwaley mánquš t-prə̀zla.ˈ ʾu-ʾíṯwaley képa smòqa,ˈ ʾu-púwuš t-ʾilàna.ˈ ʾànnaˈ maṭpíwala ʾíṯwaley qălùnka.ˈ qălúnka bazə́kka díya rìxa y-awéwa.ˈ y-aṯɛ́wa maṯɛ́wa pàlla.ˈ šaqlíwa pàlla.ˈ mattíwa rəš-qălùnka.ˈ mattíwa xákma pùwuš.ˈ maṭpìwaleˈ pùwuš,ˈ mattíwale rəš-qălùnka.ˈ ʾu-šaríwa gràša.ˈ ʾɛ́-ga táma gu-maṯwáṯa kəslɛ̀niˈ ʾíṯwalən gùḏa.ˈ gúḏa ʾíle mən-ʾə̀rba,ˈ gə́ldət ʾə̀rba.ˈ ʾu-y-asṛíwa bíye dìyeˈ lawlàbe-wˈ mayòye-wˈ mabìwaleˈ dɛ́rɛ páwxe gàwe.ˈ ʾu-šawqíwale l-šə̀mšaˈ barə́zwa ta-t-là-yawəlwa ríxa.ˈ dɛ́rɛwa másta gáwe dìye.ˈ ʾu-dɛ́rɛwa mìya gáwe díyeˈ ʾu-šɛšìwale.ˈ palṭíwa dàwwe-wˈ páləṭwa mə́šxa l-xóḏe díye hàtxa.ˈ šaqlìwale.ˈ ʾan-dáwwe dìyeˈ marəṯxìwalaˈ ʾu-dɛrɛ́wala l-kìsa.ˈ nač̣pìwa míya mənnéy.ˈ ṣalìwa míya mənnéy,ˈ páyəšwa ʾax-xàlwa,ˈ brìza hádəx.ˈ ʾáni y-oḏíwale k̭àška.ˈ ʾo-k̭àškaˈ xá-ga xètaˈ dɛrɛ́wa mìyaˈ mattíwale qam-šə́mša barə̀zwa.ˈ qa-sə́twa y-oḏíwa xá-ga xèta.ˈ mɛjíwale gu-míya šaxìne,ˈ pɛšíwa dàwweˈ y-oḏíwa bušàla bíya díya,ˈ ʾu-k̭ótəl dàwke bíya díya.ˈ ʾɛ́-ga zamríwa bìye,ˈ dawqíwa tə́rte bnàṯaˈ xá m-rèšeˈ ʾu-xa-bráta mən-xóṯe dìye.ˈ maxíwa ʾàqla qáme díye.ˈ ʾɛ-báxta ṱ-iyáwa xarɛ̀ṯa,ˈ xóṯe dìye,ˈ maxyáwa ʾàqla qáme.ˈ tá-t ʾímət ʾàza másta,ˈ qɛ́ṯa b-ɛ̀-ʾaqlaˈ ta-t-dɛ̀ra.ˈ máxe ʾo-mə́šxa l-ġḏáḏe kùlle.ˈ yómət xošébət bnàṯaˈ ʾáxni gu-ʾáṯṛət Bàrwərˈ ʾáw mpalṭìwaleˈ ʾax-šèra y-oḏíwaleˈ bnáṯət maṯɛ̀ni.ˈ y-oḏíwa xá ʾax-bràtaˈ qɛ̀saˈ malušíwala jùlle.ˈ y-oḏíwala ʾax-bràta.ˈ ʾu-y-azìwaˈ šaqlìwa,ˈ mən-kùl bɛ́ṯaˈ šaqlíwa rə̀zza,ˈ šaqlíwa qàlya,ˈ šaqlíwa lə̀xma,ˈ mən-kùlla bɛ́ṯə maṯɛ́ni.ˈ y-azìwaˈ tàlga y-áweˈ ṭábʿan y-azíwa rəš-tàlgaˈ tàma.ˈ y-awḏìwaˈ ʾax-xàšša.ˈ xàšša,ˈ ʾɛ́-bratət malušíwala jùlleˈ ṱ-oḏíwala ʾax-kàlo,ˈ ʾàyˈ ʾu-mɛṯàwa.ˈ ʾáy qɛ̀sa-wewaˈ mulušə jùlleˈ ʾìnaˈ wíḏəlla ʾax-bràta.ˈ ga-nablìwala.ˈ ṱ-azíwa xákma ṭḷáṯa ʾárpa gúṛe mə̀nna.ˈ ṱ-áziwa ṭamrìwala.ˈ ṭamríwala gu-ʾùpraˈ ʿal-ʾassā̀sˈ mìtlaˈ xa-bràta.ˈ baxíwala b-duzùṯa.ˈ baxìwala rábaˈ ʾu-y-aṯìwa.ˈ y-aṯíwa m-rəš-baṯ-qòre,ˈ m-réša dìya.ˈ y-aṯìwaˈ y-oḏìwaˈ ʾixàla.ˈ bašlíwa rə̀zza.ˈ bašlíwa šòrba.ˈ ʾu-y-atwíwa y-axlìwa.ˈ báṯər y-axlìwa,ˈ qɛmíwa mṭalìwa,ˈ raqḏìwa,ˈ zamrìwa.ˈ ʾíṯwa ṭawalyáṯa rábe ràbeˈ mṭalìwa.ˈ ʾò yómaˈ kúlle yòmaˈ y-awáwa mṭawòleˈ ʾu-nášət máṯa kùllaˈ síqe mparóje biyèy.ˈ ʾu-ʾap-gúṛe y-azíwa tàmaˈ yále zóre y-azíwa táma mṭawóle ʿal-ʾasā̀sˈ ʾə́dyo xošébət bnàṯɛle.ˈ ʾu-y-amríwa xošébə bnàṯaˈ qə́ṭma b-quṣràṯa.ˈ yáʿni gu-ṣàwma-wawa.ˈ dánət ṣàwma-wawaˈ ʾay-béna y-amrìwaˈ yáʿni mxallèxiˈ b-xálləx quṣariyàṯa.ˈ béna y-amrìwaˈ qə́ṭma b-quṣariyàṯa,ˈ ʾánna qaṣxanyàṯa.ˈ ʾàyyaˈ mšaríwa táma mṭawóle ṭawalyàṯa.ˈ ʾíṯwa ṭawáltət baybùne y-amríwala.ˈ báybi baybùne-uˈ márət raqqùne,ˈ ʾu-míḏən mòdi.ˈ hàtxa y-amríwala.ˈ ʾu-ʾíṯwa ṭawáltət bərràne,ˈ xa-ráqa báṯər d-ò-xena.ˈ ʾíṯwa šwára baràne.ˈ ʾu-kúl-xa tɛ́ra mṭalìwala.ˈ píšla hádəx hàl ʾaṣə́rta.ˈ ʾaṣə́rta dɛrìwaˈ kút-xa y-aṯéwa l-bɛ́ṯe dìye.ˈ ʾu-parpəsìwa.ˈ ʾíṯwa y-amrə́xwa bə̀lbəlawa.ˈ gu-ṣàwmaˈ xaḏríwa bəlbəlàwa,ˈ yáʿni l-bɛ̀ṯa.ˈ bɛ́ṯa bɛ́ṯa ṱ-ázət xaḏrə̀tla.ˈ xákma t-yawílux qàzbe,ˈ xákma t-yawílux màše,ˈ xákma t-yawílux xarṭmàne,ˈ xákma t-yawílux yabìše.ˈ ku-bɛ́ṯa ṱ-àzetiˈ ʾáni t-yawìluxˈ là ṭarḏílux.ˈ t-yawìluxˈ kú-məndi ṱ-ítley t-yáwi ʾə̀llux.ˈ ʾə́sri ṭḷáṯi m-ġḏàḏe,ˈ yále zóre m-ġḏàḏe.ˈ xaḏríwa gu-màṯaˈ ʾɛ́-ga y-amrìwaˈ bəlbəlàwaˈ kut-la-yàwaˈ xaṭórta gàwaˈ ʾɛ-béna mṣarìwala,ˈ májbur pɛšíwa t-yawíwala ʾixála mə́ndi hàle.ˈ tùttunˈ tanə́nnux ʾal-tùttun.ˈ tùttun-žigənˈ zărìwalaˈ ʾánna xaqlàṯaˈ zăríwala kùlla.ˈ ʾawḏíwala zrùta.ˈ báṯər zărìwala,ˈ y-awḏíwala məššàre,ˈ mqasmíwala qa-məššàre.ˈ y-awḏíwa sàdde gáwa.ˈ yáʿni mqasmíwala qa-sàdde.ˈ ʾárba xámša sádde y-atwíwa gu-ḏà-xaqla.ˈ béna y-aṯɛ́wa šə́dlət tùttun.ˈ dɛríwala bar-zắra xa-dùkṯaˈ barèwa.ˈ báṯər barèwa,ˈ pɛšíwa šə̀dle.ˈ ʾan-šə̀dleˈ šalxìwala mən-támaˈ maxɛ́wala gu-məššàra.ˈ məššára dɛrɛ́wa mìya gáwa.ˈ ʾɛ-məššára dɛrɛ́wa míya gáwa díya ta-t-ràkxa.ˈ mɛṯɛ́wale šə̀dla,ˈ xarzìwale,ˈ xarzíle gu-d-ɛ́ məššàra.ˈ yáʿni məššára ríxta taqríban tre-mètre,ˈ trè-metre,ˈ ṭḷà-metre.ˈ mɛṯɛ́wala ʾan-taqyáṯət tùttunˈ ʾəṣrà ʾaqráre.ˈ mattíwala gu-d-ɛ́ məššára xá, tré, ṭḷàṯa.ˈ manɛ́wa hal-ʾə̀ṣra.ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-àyya,ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-yàha,ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-yáha xèta,ˈ hàtxa.ˈ ʾap-šúlət banjáne har-hàdəx ʾawḏíwale.ˈ ʾap-šúlət xiyáre hàdəx ʾawḏíwale.ˈ ʾína gəndóre làʾa.ˈ gəndóre ʾu-šəftíye ʾáni zăríwala hàtxaˈ ʾáp t-la-mìya.ˈ ʾáni zăríwala-w barìwa.ˈ ʾu-šalgə̀mme,ˈ ʾànnaˈ ʾap-šalgə́mme la-ʾawḏíwala məššàre.ˈ kulla-ʾáp-ʾani har-hátxa zărìwalaˈ dɛrɛ́wala bar-zắra hàtxaˈ ʾu-zărìwalɛ,ˈ ʾax-gəndòre.ˈ ʾína banjàneˈ ʾu-pătàte,ˈ ʾu-tùttun,ˈ ʾu-xiyàre,ˈ ʾánna y-awḏíwala kúlla məššàre.ˈ ʾu-maštíwala mìyaˈ pɛšíwala ku-tmànya,ˈ ku-tmánya yománe maštíwala míya ṭla-d-àni,ˈ ṭla-tùttun,ˈ ṭla-banjàne,ˈ ṭla-xiyàre,ˈ ṭla-kúl-xa məndì.ˈ ʾu-túttun ʾímət pɛšáwa gòṛta,ˈ maqərṭìwala.ˈ qăṭìwala.ˈ ʾasṛíwala dàsta,ˈ kút xá xámša ʾə̀šta.ˈ ʾasṛíwala dàsta,ˈ dɛrɛ́wala rəš-ʾən-qɛ̀sa hawéwaˈ hátxa rìxaˈ ʾən-xàwla.ˈ ʾasṛíwala b-qɛ́sa ʾu-m-áy-gota qɛ̀saˈ ʾu-m-áy-gota qɛ̀sa.ˈ xa-xáwla mɛṯɛ̀waleˈ dɛrɛ́wala túttun b-réše dìyeˈ qa-t-bàrza.ˈ báṯər barzáwa tùttun,ˈ qɛ́mi šaqlíwala dɛrɛ́wa rəš-xa-băṭănìya,ˈ parxìwala táza.ˈ ʾan-qɛ́sət tùttunˈ ʾáni kùllaˈ zadìwala.ˈ mɛṯíwa ʾərbàla,ˈ saràda,ˈ xzí mo-bằyət.ˈ qamáye dɛ́rɛwala b-saràda,ˈ baʿdḗn b-ərbàla,ˈ ta-t-pálṭa tùttun.ˈ ʾíṯ pálṭa zùrta.ˈ ʾɛ-zúrta ʾáy zadìwala.ˈ rába zùrta yáʿni,ˈ ʾax-qàmxa pɛšáwa.ˈ ʾáy zadìwala.ˈ ʾína dɛrɛ́wala l-ʾərbàla,ˈ ʾáyyə palṭáwa spày,ˈ ʾáy dɛrɛ́wala gu-gunìya.ˈ dɛrɛ́wala gu-gunìya-wˈ mattíwala tămàha.ˈ kút-dana sanqìwa,ˈ ʾu-šaqlíwa mən-d-ɛ-tùttunˈ ʾu-garšìwa.ˈ dɛrɛ́wala ʾɛ̀ túttunˈ ʾíṯwa kùlley,ˈ ʾíṯwaley kísyáṯa zòre,ˈ šaqláwa xà-kilo.ˈ xá-kilo túttun dɛrɛ́wale gàwa.ˈ ʾíṯwaley mánquš t-prə̀zla.ˈ ʾu-ʾíṯwaley képa smòqa,ˈ ʾu-púwuš t-ʾilàna.ˈ ʾànnaˈ maṭpíwala ʾíṯwaley qălùnka.ˈ qălúnka bazə́kka díya rìxa y-awéwa.ˈ y-aṯɛ́wa maṯɛ́wa pàlla.ˈ šaqlíwa pàlla.ˈ mattíwa rəš-qălùnka.ˈ mattíwa xákma pùwuš.ˈ maṭpìwaleˈ pùwuš,ˈ mattíwale rəš-qălùnka.ˈ ʾu-šaríwa gràša.ˈ ʾɛ́-ga táma gu-maṯwáṯa kəslɛ̀niˈ ʾíṯwalən gùḏa.ˈ gúḏa ʾíle mən-ʾə̀rba,ˈ gə́ldət ʾə̀rba.ˈ ʾu-y-asṛíwa bíye dìyeˈ lawlàbe-wˈ mayòye-wˈ mabìwaleˈ dɛ́rɛ páwxe gàwe.ˈ ʾu-šawqíwale l-šə̀mšaˈ barə́zwa ta-t-là-yawəlwa ríxa.ˈ dɛ́rɛwa másta gáwe dìye.ˈ ʾu-dɛ́rɛwa mìya gáwe díyeˈ ʾu-šɛšìwale.ˈ palṭíwa dàwwe-wˈ páləṭwa mə́šxa l-xóḏe díye hàtxa.ˈ šaqlìwale.ˈ ʾan-dáwwe dìyeˈ marəṯxìwalaˈ ʾu-dɛrɛ́wala l-kìsa.ˈ nač̣pìwa míya mənnéy.ˈ ṣalìwa míya mənnéy,ˈ páyəšwa ʾax-xàlwa,ˈ brìza hádəx.ˈ ʾáni y-oḏíwale k̭àška.ˈ ʾo-k̭àškaˈ xá-ga xètaˈ dɛrɛ́wa mìyaˈ mattíwale qam-šə́mša barə̀zwa.ˈ qa-sə́twa y-oḏíwa xá-ga xèta.ˈ mɛjíwale gu-míya šaxìne,ˈ pɛšíwa dàwweˈ y-oḏíwa bušàla bíya díya,ˈ ʾu-k̭ótəl dàwke bíya díya.ˈ ʾɛ́-ga zamríwa bìye,ˈ dawqíwa tə́rte bnàṯaˈ xá m-rèšeˈ ʾu-xa-bráta mən-xóṯe dìye.ˈ maxíwa ʾàqla qáme díye.ˈ ʾɛ-báxta ṱ-iyáwa xarɛ̀ṯa,ˈ xóṯe dìye,ˈ maxyáwa ʾàqla qáme.ˈ tá-t ʾímət ʾàza másta,ˈ qɛ́ṯa b-ɛ̀-ʾaqlaˈ ta-t-dɛ̀ra.ˈ máxe ʾo-mə́šxa l-ġḏáḏe kùlle.ˈ	In our land of Barwar, the girls of our village would celebrate ‘Girls’ Sunday’ like a saint’s festival. They would make something like a girl out of wood and dress her in clothes. They made her like a girl. Then they went and took from every house rice, they took meat fat, they took bread, from every house in our village. (If ) there was snow, they, of course, walked there on the snow. They demonstrated a kind of grief. They made the girl whom they dressed in clothes like a bride and brought her (through the streets). She was wood dressed in clothes, but they made her like a girl. Now, they took her. Three or four men went with them. They went and buried her. They buried her in the ground, as if a girl had died. They would really weep. They would weep for her a lot and then come back. They would come back from the cemetery, from her (burial). They would come back and make food. They would cook rice. They would cook soup. Then they would sit down and eat. After they had eaten, they would get up and play, dance and sing. There were many games that they played. They would play all that day and all the people of the village would go up to look at them. Also adult men would go there, as well as young children, to play, since this day is Girls’ Sunday. They would say ‘On Girls’ Sunday there was (washing) ash in the cooking pots’, meaning that they were fasting. It was a season of fasting. The meaning is that they say at that time ‘Let’s wash, let’s wash the pots’. They would say ‘Ash on the pots’, that is the cooking pots. They would then start to play games. There was a game called _baybune_ (in which they said) ‘_baybi baybune, marət raqqune_’ andI don’t know what. They would say this. There was the game of ‘groups’, one person running after the other. There was ‘jumping the rams’. They played every type of game. It continued like this until evening. In the evening they returned, everybody went back to his home and they dispersed. There was (something) called _Bəlbəlawa_. During the fast they would go round (performing) _Bəlbəlawa_, that is to a house. You go around (performing) it from house to house. Some give you dates. Some give you lentils. Some give you chickpeas. Some give you raisins. Every home that you go to will give you something. They will not send you away. They will give you anything that they have. Twenty or thirty together, small children together. They would go around in the village saying: Bəlbəlawa Whoever does not give (Will have) a washing board (knocked) on him Then they would chastise them and they would be forced to give them food or something. Tobacco. I’ll tell you about tobacco. They would cultivate tobacco. They would plough all the fields and make them into ploughed land. After they ploughed them, they would make them into paddy fields, they would divide them into paddy field basins. They would make (the basins) into dammed sections. That is, they would divide them into dammed sections. Four or five dammed sections would be laid out in a field. Then they would come and (plant) the tobacco seedlings. They would put a seed in a certain place and it would grow. When they grew, they became seedlings. They uprooted the seedlings from that place and planted them in the paddy field. They put water in the paddy field. They put water in the paddy field so that it would become soft. They would bring a seedling and plant it. They would plant it in the paddy field. The paddy field was almost two metres long, two or three metres. They would bring the sprigs of tobacco, ten stems (in a row). They would plant them in the paddy field, one, two, three and count up to ten. Ten in this (row), ten in that one, ten in that other one, and so forth. They did the same with eggplants and also did this with cucumbers. But not with melons. They would cultivate melons and watermelons in the same way but without water. They would plant them and they would grow. Also for turnips they would not make paddy fields. They would cultivate them in the same way, they would plant a seed like this and cultivate them, like melons. But eggplants, potatoes, tobacco, cucumbers, for all of these they would make paddy fields. They would irrigate them with water. Every eight days they would feed them with water, that is the tobacco, the eggplants, the cucumbers, and so forth. When the tobacco became big, they would clip it down. They would cut it. They would bind it in bunches, each (containing) five or six (plants). They would bind it in bundles and place them on either a long stick or a rope. They would bind them to a stick, with a stick this side and a stick that side. They would bring a rope and put the tobacco on it in order to dry. After the tobacco dried, they took it, put it on a blanket and crushed it thoroughly. They would throw away all the wooden (twigs) of the tobacco. They would bring a sieve, a large sieve, whatever you want. First they put them in a large sieve then in a medium sized sieve, until the tobacco came out. There were some small pieces that came out, this small stuff they threw away. It was very small, it became like flour. They threw it out. They put it in the medium sized sieve and they put in a sack whatever was produced of good quality. They put it in a sack and put it aside. They took some of that tobacco whenever they needed it and smoked it. They put the tobacco in small bags, which they all had and which contained a kilo. They would put a kilo of tobacco in them. They had a sparking tool made of metal. They also had a red stone and hay kindling from a tree. They kindled this in their pipe. The stem of the pipe was long. They would bring a glowing coal. They would take a glowing coal and put it on the pipe. They would put some hay kindling on it and light the hay, then put it on the pipe. Then they would begin to smoke. At that time in the villages in our land we had a churn. A churn is made from a sheep, the skin of a sheep. They tied to it sticks and beams. They inflated it, put air into it. They left it in the sun to dry, so that it would not give off a smell. They put yoghurt in it and put water in it, then shook it. Yoghurt water (_dawwe_) would be produced and butter (_məšxa_) would be produced separated (from the yoghurt water). They would take it (the butter) away. They would boil the yoghurt water and put it in a bag. The water would drip down from it. The water would drain down from it, and it would become _xalwa_, which was dry, like this. They made it into a _kaška_. (To make) the _kaška_, they again added water and put it in the sun to dry. For winter they reconstituted it. They crushed it in hot water and it became yoghurt water, with which they would make stew and yoghurt pasties. When they sang (the song) about it, two girls held it, one from above it and one from below it. They would put their leg in front of it. The latter woman, who was under it, would put her leg in front of it, so that when the yoghurt (churn) moved, it struck her leg and returned back. The butter all gathered together.

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yómət xošébət bnàṯaˈ ʾáxni gu-ʾáṯṛət Bàrwərˈ ʾáw mpalṭìwaleˈ ʾax-šèra y-oḏíwaleˈ bnáṯət maṯɛ̀ni.ˈ y-oḏíwa xá ʾax-bràtaˈ qɛ̀saˈ malušíwala jùlle.ˈ y-oḏíwala ʾax-bràta.ˈ ʾu-y-azìwaˈ šaqlìwa,ˈ mən-kùl bɛ́ṯaˈ šaqlíwa rə̀zza,ˈ šaqlíwa qàlya,ˈ šaqlíwa lə̀xma,ˈ mən-kùlla bɛ́ṯə maṯɛ́ni.ˈ y-azìwaˈ tàlga y-áweˈ ṭábʿan y-azíwa rəš-tàlgaˈ tàma.ˈ y-awḏìwaˈ ʾax-xàšša.ˈ xàšša,ˈ ʾɛ́-bratət malušíwala jùlleˈ ṱ-oḏíwala ʾax-kàlo,ˈ ʾàyˈ ʾu-mɛṯàwa.ˈ ʾáy qɛ̀sa-wewaˈ mulušə jùlleˈ ʾìnaˈ wíḏəlla ʾax-bràta.ˈ ga-nablìwala.ˈ ṱ-azíwa xákma ṭḷáṯa ʾárpa gúṛe mə̀nna.ˈ ṱ-áziwa ṭamrìwala.ˈ ṭamríwala gu-ʾùpraˈ ʿal-ʾassā̀sˈ mìtlaˈ xa-bràta.ˈ baxíwala b-duzùṯa.ˈ baxìwala rábaˈ ʾu-y-aṯìwa.ˈ y-aṯíwa m-rəš-baṯ-qòre,ˈ m-réša dìya.ˈ y-aṯìwaˈ y-oḏìwaˈ ʾixàla.ˈ bašlíwa rə̀zza.ˈ bašlíwa šòrba.ˈ ʾu-y-atwíwa y-axlìwa.ˈ báṯər y-axlìwa,ˈ qɛmíwa mṭalìwa,ˈ raqḏìwa,ˈ zamrìwa.ˈ ʾíṯwa ṭawalyáṯa rábe ràbeˈ mṭalìwa.ˈ ʾò yómaˈ kúlle yòmaˈ y-awáwa mṭawòleˈ ʾu-nášət máṯa kùllaˈ síqe mparóje biyèy.ˈ ʾu-ʾap-gúṛe y-azíwa tàmaˈ yále zóre y-azíwa táma mṭawóle ʿal-ʾasā̀sˈ ʾə́dyo xošébət bnàṯɛle.ˈ ʾu-y-amríwa xošébə bnàṯaˈ qə́ṭma b-quṣràṯa.ˈ yáʿni gu-ṣàwma-wawa.ˈ dánət ṣàwma-wawaˈ ʾay-béna y-amrìwaˈ yáʿni mxallèxiˈ b-xálləx quṣariyàṯa.ˈ béna y-amrìwaˈ qə́ṭma b-quṣariyàṯa,ˈ ʾánna qaṣxanyàṯa.ˈ ʾàyyaˈ mšaríwa táma mṭawóle ṭawalyàṯa.ˈ ʾíṯwa ṭawáltət baybùne y-amríwala.ˈ báybi baybùne-uˈ márət raqqùne,ˈ ʾu-míḏən mòdi.ˈ hàtxa y-amríwala.ˈ ʾu-ʾíṯwa ṭawáltət bərràne,ˈ xa-ráqa báṯər d-ò-xena.ˈ ʾíṯwa šwára baràne.ˈ ʾu-kúl-xa tɛ́ra mṭalìwala.ˈ píšla hádəx hàl ʾaṣə́rta.ˈ ʾaṣə́rta dɛrìwaˈ kút-xa y-aṯéwa l-bɛ́ṯe dìye.ˈ ʾu-parpəsìwa.ˈ

ʾíṯwa y-amrə́xwa bə̀lbəlawa.ˈ gu-ṣàwmaˈ xaḏríwa bəlbəlàwa,ˈ yáʿni l-bɛ̀ṯa.ˈ bɛ́ṯa bɛ́ṯa ṱ-ázət xaḏrə̀tla.ˈ xákma t-yawílux qàzbe,ˈ xákma t-yawílux màše,ˈ xákma t-yawílux xarṭmàne,ˈ xákma t-yawílux yabìše.ˈ ku-bɛ́ṯa ṱ-àzetiˈ ʾáni t-yawìluxˈ là ṭarḏílux.ˈ t-yawìluxˈ kú-məndi ṱ-ítley t-yáwi ʾə̀llux.ˈ ʾə́sri ṭḷáṯi m-ġḏàḏe,ˈ yále zóre m-ġḏàḏe.ˈ xaḏríwa gu-màṯaˈ ʾɛ́-ga y-amrìwaˈ

bəlbəlàwaˈ
kut-la-yàwaˈ
xaṭórta gàwaˈ

ʾɛ-béna mṣarìwala,ˈ májbur pɛšíwa t-yawíwala ʾixála mə́ndi hàle.ˈ

tùttunˈ tanə́nnux ʾal-tùttun.ˈ tùttun-žigənˈ zărìwalaˈ ʾánna xaqlàṯaˈ zăríwala kùlla.ˈ ʾawḏíwala zrùta.ˈ báṯər zărìwala,ˈ y-awḏíwala məššàre,ˈ mqasmíwala qa-məššàre.ˈ y-awḏíwa sàdde gáwa.ˈ yáʿni mqasmíwala qa-sàdde.ˈ ʾárba xámša sádde y-atwíwa gu-ḏà-xaqla.ˈ béna y-aṯɛ́wa šə́dlət tùttun.ˈ dɛríwala bar-zắra xa-dùkṯaˈ barèwa.ˈ báṯər barèwa,ˈ pɛšíwa šə̀dle.ˈ ʾan-šə̀dleˈ šalxìwala mən-támaˈ maxɛ́wala gu-məššàra.ˈ məššára dɛrɛ́wa mìya gáwa.ˈ ʾɛ-məššára dɛrɛ́wa míya gáwa díya ta-t-ràkxa.ˈ mɛṯɛ́wale šə̀dla,ˈ xarzìwale,ˈ xarzíle gu-d-ɛ́ məššàra.ˈ yáʿni məššára ríxta taqríban tre-mètre,ˈ trè-metre,ˈ ṭḷà-metre.ˈ mɛṯɛ́wala ʾan-taqyáṯət tùttunˈ ʾəṣrà ʾaqráre.ˈ mattíwala gu-d-ɛ́ məššára xá, tré, ṭḷàṯa.ˈ manɛ́wa hal-ʾə̀ṣra.ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-àyya,ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-yàha,ˈ ʾə́ṣra gu-d-yáha xèta,ˈ hàtxa.ˈ ʾap-šúlət banjáne har-hàdəx ʾawḏíwale.ˈ ʾap-šúlət xiyáre hàdəx ʾawḏíwale.ˈ ʾína gəndóre làʾa.ˈ gəndóre ʾu-šəftíye ʾáni zăríwala hàtxaˈ ʾáp t-la-mìya.ˈ ʾáni zăríwala-w barìwa.ˈ ʾu-šalgə̀mme,ˈ ʾànnaˈ ʾap-šalgə́mme la-ʾawḏíwala məššàre.ˈ kulla-ʾáp-ʾani har-hátxa zărìwalaˈ dɛrɛ́wala bar-zắra hàtxaˈ ʾu-zărìwalɛ,ˈ ʾax-gəndòre.ˈ ʾína banjàneˈ ʾu-pătàte,ˈ ʾu-tùttun,ˈ ʾu-xiyàre,ˈ ʾánna y-awḏíwala kúlla məššàre.ˈ ʾu-maštíwala mìyaˈ pɛšíwala ku-tmànya,ˈ ku-tmánya yománe maštíwala míya ṭla-d-àni,ˈ ṭla-tùttun,ˈ ṭla-banjàne,ˈ ṭla-xiyàre,ˈ ṭla-kúl-xa məndì.ˈ ʾu-túttun ʾímət pɛšáwa gòṛta,ˈ maqərṭìwala.ˈ qăṭìwala.ˈ ʾasṛíwala dàsta,ˈ kút xá xámša ʾə̀šta.ˈ ʾasṛíwala dàsta,ˈ dɛrɛ́wala rəš-ʾən-qɛ̀sa hawéwaˈ hátxa rìxaˈ ʾən-xàwla.ˈ ʾasṛíwala b-qɛ́sa ʾu-m-áy-gota qɛ̀saˈ ʾu-m-áy-gota qɛ̀sa.ˈ xa-xáwla mɛṯɛ̀waleˈ dɛrɛ́wala túttun b-réše dìyeˈ qa-t-bàrza.ˈ báṯər barzáwa tùttun,ˈ qɛ́mi šaqlíwala dɛrɛ́wa rəš-xa-băṭănìya,ˈ parxìwala táza.ˈ ʾan-qɛ́sət tùttunˈ ʾáni kùllaˈ zadìwala.ˈ mɛṯíwa ʾərbàla,ˈ saràda,ˈ xzí mo-bằyət.ˈ qamáye dɛ́rɛwala b-saràda,ˈ baʿdḗn b-ərbàla,ˈ ta-t-pálṭa tùttun.ˈ ʾíṯ pálṭa zùrta.ˈ ʾɛ-zúrta ʾáy zadìwala.ˈ rába zùrta yáʿni,ˈ ʾax-qàmxa pɛšáwa.ˈ ʾáy zadìwala.ˈ ʾína dɛrɛ́wala l-ʾərbàla,ˈ ʾáyyə palṭáwa spày,ˈ ʾáy dɛrɛ́wala gu-gunìya.ˈ dɛrɛ́wala gu-gunìya-wˈ mattíwala tămàha.ˈ kút-dana sanqìwa,ˈ ʾu-šaqlíwa mən-d-ɛ-tùttunˈ ʾu-garšìwa.ˈ dɛrɛ́wala ʾɛ̀ túttunˈ ʾíṯwa kùlley,ˈ ʾíṯwaley kísyáṯa zòre,ˈ šaqláwa xà-kilo.ˈ xá-kilo túttun dɛrɛ́wale gàwa.ˈ ʾíṯwaley mánquš t-prə̀zla.ˈ ʾu-ʾíṯwaley képa smòqa,ˈ ʾu-púwuš t-ʾilàna.ˈ ʾànnaˈ maṭpíwala ʾíṯwaley qălùnka.ˈ qălúnka bazə́kka díya rìxa y-awéwa.ˈ y-aṯɛ́wa maṯɛ́wa pàlla.ˈ šaqlíwa pàlla.ˈ mattíwa rəš-qălùnka.ˈ mattíwa xákma pùwuš.ˈ maṭpìwaleˈ pùwuš,ˈ mattíwale rəš-qălùnka.ˈ ʾu-šaríwa gràša.ˈ

ʾɛ́-ga táma gu-maṯwáṯa kəslɛ̀niˈ ʾíṯwalən gùḏa.ˈ gúḏa ʾíle mən-ʾə̀rba,ˈ gə́ldət ʾə̀rba.ˈ ʾu-y-asṛíwa bíye dìyeˈ lawlàbe-wˈ mayòye-wˈ mabìwaleˈ dɛ́rɛ páwxe gàwe.ˈ ʾu-šawqíwale l-šə̀mšaˈ barə́zwa ta-t-là-yawəlwa ríxa.ˈ dɛ́rɛwa másta gáwe dìye.ˈ ʾu-dɛ́rɛwa mìya gáwe díyeˈ ʾu-šɛšìwale.ˈ palṭíwa dàwwe-wˈ páləṭwa mə́šxa l-xóḏe díye hàtxa.ˈ šaqlìwale.ˈ ʾan-dáwwe dìyeˈ marəṯxìwalaˈ ʾu-dɛrɛ́wala l-kìsa.ˈ nač̣pìwa míya mənnéy.ˈ ṣalìwa míya mənnéy,ˈ páyəšwa ʾax-xàlwa,ˈ brìza hádəx.ˈ ʾáni y-oḏíwale k̭àška.ˈ ʾo-k̭àškaˈ xá-ga xètaˈ dɛrɛ́wa mìyaˈ mattíwale qam-šə́mša barə̀zwa.ˈ qa-sə́twa y-oḏíwa xá-ga xèta.ˈ mɛjíwale gu-míya šaxìne,ˈ pɛšíwa dàwweˈ y-oḏíwa bušàla bíya díya,ˈ ʾu-k̭ótəl dàwke bíya díya.ˈ ʾɛ́-ga zamríwa bìye,ˈ dawqíwa tə́rte bnàṯaˈ xá m-rèšeˈ ʾu-xa-bráta mən-xóṯe dìye.ˈ maxíwa ʾàqla qáme díye.ˈ ʾɛ-báxta ṱ-iyáwa xarɛ̀ṯa,ˈ xóṯe dìye,ˈ maxyáwa ʾàqla qáme.ˈ tá-t ʾímət ʾàza másta,ˈ qɛ́ṯa b-ɛ̀-ʾaqlaˈ ta-t-dɛ̀ra.ˈ máxe ʾo-mə́šxa l-ġḏáḏe kùlle.ˈ

Translation:

In our land of Barwar, the girls of our village would celebrate ‘Girls’ Sunday’ like a saint’s festival. They would make something like a girl out of wood and dress her in clothes. They made her like a girl. Then they went and took from every house rice, they took meat fat, they took bread, from every house in our village. (If ) there was snow, they, of course, walked there on the snow. They demonstrated a kind of grief. They made the girl whom they dressed in clothes like a bride and brought her (through the streets). She was wood dressed in clothes, but they made her like a girl. Now, they took her. Three or four men went with them. They went and buried her. They buried her in the ground, as if a girl had died. They would really weep. They would weep for her a lot and then come back. They would come back from the cemetery, from her (burial). They would come back and make food. They would cook rice. They would cook soup. Then they would sit down and eat. After they had eaten, they would get up and play, dance and sing. There were many games that they played. They would play all that day and all the people of the village would go up to look at them. Also adult men would go there, as well as young children, to play, since this day is Girls’ Sunday. They would say ‘On Girls’ Sunday there was (washing) ash in the cooking pots’, meaning that they were fasting. It was a season of fasting. The meaning is that they say at that time ‘Let’s wash, let’s wash the pots’. They would say ‘Ash on the pots’, that is the cooking pots. They would then start to play games. There was a game called _baybune_ (in which they said) ‘_baybi baybune, marət raqqune_’ andI don’t know what. They would say this. There was the game of ‘groups’, one person running after the other. There was ‘jumping the rams’. They played every type of game. It continued like this until evening. In the evening they returned, everybody went back to his home and they dispersed.

There was (something) called _Bəlbəlawa_. During the fast they would go round (performing) _Bəlbəlawa_, that is to a house. You go around (performing) it from house to house. Some give you dates. Some give you lentils. Some give you chickpeas. Some give you raisins. Every home that you go to will give you something. They will not send you away. They will give you anything that they have. Twenty or thirty together, small children together. They would go around in the village saying:

Bəlbəlawa
Whoever does not give
(Will have) a washing board (knocked) on him

Then they would chastise them and they would be forced to give them food or something.

Tobacco. I’ll tell you about tobacco. They would cultivate tobacco. They would plough all the fields and make them into ploughed land. After they ploughed them, they would make them into paddy fields, they would divide them into paddy field basins. They would make (the basins) into dammed sections. That is, they would divide them into dammed sections. Four or five dammed sections would be laid out in a field. Then they would come and (plant) the tobacco seedlings. They would put a seed in a certain place and it would grow. When they grew, they became seedlings. They uprooted the seedlings from that place and planted them in the paddy field. They put water in the paddy field. They put water in the paddy field so that it would become soft. They would bring a seedling and plant it. They would plant it in the paddy field. The paddy field was almost two metres long, two or three metres. They would bring the sprigs of tobacco, ten stems (in a row). They would plant them in the paddy field, one, two, three and count up to ten. Ten in this (row), ten in that one, ten in that other one, and so forth. They did the same with eggplants and also did this with cucumbers. But not with melons. They would cultivate melons and watermelons in the same way but without water. They would plant them and they would grow. Also for turnips they would not make paddy fields. They would cultivate them in the same way, they would plant a seed like this and cultivate them, like melons. But eggplants, potatoes, tobacco, cucumbers, for all of these they would make paddy fields. They would irrigate them with water. Every eight days they would feed them with water, that is the tobacco, the eggplants, the cucumbers, and so forth. When the tobacco became big, they would clip it down. They would cut it. They would bind it in bunches, each (containing) five or six (plants). They would bind it in bundles and place them on either a long stick or a rope. They would bind them to a stick, with a stick this side and a stick that side. They would bring a rope and put the tobacco on it in order to dry. After the tobacco dried, they took it, put it on a blanket and crushed it thoroughly. They would throw away all the wooden (twigs) of the tobacco. They would bring a sieve, a large sieve, whatever you want. First they put them in a large sieve then in a medium sized sieve, until the tobacco came out. There were some small pieces that came out, this small stuff they threw away. It was very small, it became like flour. They threw it out. They put it in the medium sized sieve and they put in a sack whatever was produced of good quality. They put it in a sack and put it aside. They took some of that tobacco whenever they needed it and smoked it. They put the tobacco in small bags, which they all had and which contained a kilo. They would put a kilo of tobacco in them. They had a sparking tool made of metal. They also had a red stone and hay kindling from a tree. They kindled this in their pipe. The stem of the pipe was long. They would bring a glowing coal. They would take a glowing coal and put it on the pipe. They would put some hay kindling on it and light the hay, then put it on the pipe. Then they would begin to smoke.

At that time in the villages in our land we had a churn. A churn is made from a sheep, the skin of a sheep. They tied to it sticks and beams. They inflated it, put air into it. They left it in the sun to dry, so that it would not give off a smell. They put yoghurt in it and put water in it, then shook it. Yoghurt water (_dawwe_) would be produced and butter (_məšxa_) would be produced separated (from the yoghurt water). They would take it (the butter) away. They would boil the yoghurt water and put it in a bag. The water would drip down from it. The water would drain down from it, and it would become _xalwa_, which was dry, like this. They made it into a _kaška_. (To make) the _kaška_, they again added water and put it in the sun to dry. For winter they reconstituted it. They crushed it in hot water and it became yoghurt water, with which they would make stew and yoghurt pasties. When they sang (the song) about it, two girls held it, one from above it and one from below it. They would put their leg in front of it. The latter woman, who was under it, would put her leg in front of it, so that when the yoghurt (churn) moved, it struck her leg and returned back. The butter all gathered together.